Structure and function of the eyes of two species of opilionid from New Zealand glow-worm caves (Schliwa M, Fleissner G. Arhabdomeric Cells of the Median Eye Retina of Scorpions. 2015;60:157–75.Giribet G, Edgecombe GD, Wheeler WC, Babbitt C. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: A combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. The proximal part of the eye contains photoreceptor cells, arhabdomeric cells and glia cells in a distinct arrangement: the R-cells (or retinula cells, i.e. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. p. 453–77.Meyer-Rochow VB, Liddle AR. 1923;35:249–74.Breidbach O, Wegerhoff R. Neuroanatomy of the central nervous system of the harvestman, Fleissner G. Intracellular recordings of light responses from spiking and nonspiking cells in the median and lateral eyes of the scorpion. Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung. Brain Res.

2007;150:221–65.Sharma P, Giribet G. A new Pettalus species (Opiliones, Cyphophthalmi, Pettalidae) from Sri Lanka with a discussion on the evolution of eyes in Cyphophthalmi. Neuroanatomy of the visual afferents in the horseshoe crab (Calman BG, Lauerman MA, Andrews AW, Schmidt M, Battelle BA. The first median eye neuropil receives input from all R-cell axons from the visual nerve. Just distal to the tapered entrance area for the eye nerve into the brain, the bundles join and form a single nerve per hemisphere composed of densely packed axons (Figs.

However, more research on the visual systems in other chelicerate orders is needed in order to draw inferences on phylogeny or eye evolution.According to recent theories about the phylogeny of Opiliones (harvestmen) there are two main lineages, Cyphophthalmi as the basal suborder, and Phalangida as its sister group comprising all other harvestmen, but their position within Arachnida remains unsolved [Thus, it is not unequivocally clear whether the 'median eye' term often applied to harvestmen eyes is merely topological or also informative in an evolutionary context as it is in many other arthropods, in which a distinction of median and lateral eyes and neuropils with respect to position, structure and function is evident (see Lehmann et al. From each eye the R-cell axons supply two distinct, successive visual neuropils.

2012;7:e30474.Lehmann T, Heß M, Wanner G, Melzer RR. J Arachnol.

2014;24:1017–23.Giribet G, Sharma PP. J Comp Neurol. You can also search for this author in The neuropil is roundish with a diameter of about 100 μm.

Annu Rev Entomol. Within the neuropil the axons maintain their parallel orientation; this can be visualised with osmium ethyl gallate procedure (Fig. 1979;17:177–200.Shultz JW.

The visual systems in chelicerates are poorly understood, even though they show strong variation in eye and visual neuropil architecture, thus may provide valuable insights for the understanding of chelicerate phylogeny and eye evolution. The arcuate body is located in a subsequent position with direct contact to the second visual neuropil.This re-examination comes to conclusions different from those of all previous studies.

II. Each eye supplies two distinct, successive visual neuropils as targets of the R-cell axons (Figs. Evolutionary biology of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Phalangida have only one pair of median eyes, while the visual system of most other chelicerates consists of several pairs of eyes – median eyes and lateral eyes (e.g., Xiphosura, Scorpiones, Araneae, Uropygi, and Amblypygi). In: Saint Remy GCA, editor. Various traditional and modern methods were used that allow comparisons with previous results (cobalt fills, DiI/DiO labelling, osmium ethyl gallate procedure, and TEM). Landesmuseen Neue Serie 14, S. 485-534 Landesmuseen Neue Serie 14, S. 485-534 Jan 2011 Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Araneae Clerck, 1757 Suborders Mesothelae Opisthothelae See Spider taxonomy. That these regions certainly are neuropils is visible with TEM, where dendrites of interneurons and synaptic connections are visible (Fig. Besides Opiliones, the basal Pycnogonida and Solifugae possess only median eyes, and Pseudoscorpiones possess only lateral eyes. Berlin: J. Springer; 1928.Hanström B. Eine genetische Studie über die Augen und Sehzentren von Turbellarien, Anneliden und Arthropoden (Trilobiten, Xiphosuren, Eurypteriden, Arachnoiden, Myriapoden, Crustaceen und Insekten). Development of the sensory system in larvae and pupae of Wigglesworth VB. 1997;229:153–6.We thank Heidemarie Gensler and Stefan Friedrich for expert technical assistance and Aișe Atamer for 3D-reconstruction of the eye, and Dr. Jörg Spelda for help with species determination.This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG LE 3575/2-1).The datasets during and/or analysed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.TL conceived the study, carried out some morphological analysis (CoClThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, SNSB, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247, Munich, GermanyTobias Lehmann, Eva Lodde-Bensch, Roland R. Melzer & Martina MetzDepartment Biologie II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, GermanyGeoBioCenter, LMU, Richard -Wagner-Str.

Polchaninova N, Prokopenko E (2019) An updated checklist of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Left-Bank Ukraine.

The visual system of phalangid Opiliones occupies an intermediate position between Pycnogonida, Xiphosura, and Scorpiones on the one side, and Araneae on the other side. Opiliones or harvestmen are generally characterized by a pair of dorso-medially positioned eyes often located on a distinct tubercle (e.g., Purcell 1894; Scheuring 1914; Kaestner 1935; Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007). The visual system of harvestmen (Opiliones, Arachnida, Chelicerata) – a re-examination The proximal part of the eye contains photoreceptor cells, arhabdomeric cells and glia cells in a distinct arrangement: the R-cells (or retinula cells, i.e. In some preparations proximal to this ‘plaited‘ area, we observed a more or less well visible annulus (e.g.

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